Puipuitu'a 'o e Standardization (Maaka Tulifua) Featured
PUIPUITU’A ‘O E STANDARDIZATION (TULIFUA)
Fa’u ‘e Helu (Dr. Siosaia Langitoto)
Na’e tuku’au ‘o fakalakalaka ‘e tau fa’u me’a (production) mei he kuonga ki he kuonga. ‘Oku fakataumu’a e me’a fo’ou kotoa pe ki he leleiange, vaveange, tolongaange, tau’atainaange, ta’efilifilimanakoange, fakafiemalieange, to’omotafiange, ifoange, mo e ha fua e ngaahi fa’ahinga kehekehe ‘o e fiema’u kanolelei (quality) ‘oku toka ki ai hotau u’a mo hotau loto. Neongo foki eni ‘oku tau ‘osi fakamo’oni’i ‘oku ‘iai ‘e tau ngaahi fa’u me’a ‘oku ola kovi ki he ‘e tau mo’ui hangē ko e tapaka pālangi, neongo ko e taumu’a na’e fa’u ki ai ‘a e tapaka ‘oku kei a’usia pe ia he ‘oku kei ifo pe mama tapaka pālangi pea ta’ofingata’a.
Ko e polopalema mahino ‘e taha kuo tau feangai mo ia ko e mate ‘a e kau toutai he uku hina kasa, ka ko e taumu’a na’e ngaohi ki ai ke fuoloaange uku ‘a e kau toutai ‘oku feau pe ia, ka ko e tonounou hono ngāue’aki ‘oku tupu ai e polopalema ko eni. Ko e ‘one fanamaka ‘oku faka’ulia hono ola lelei fakangāue pea tau ilifia he ofi ki he ngaahi fana’anga maka (quarry) he ngaahi fu’u luo ‘ene lalahi pea toe loloto pea tau ‘utaange kapau na’a tau ke i ta “toki tonga” e maka ‘e ‘osi e senituli ‘oku te’eki ke kakato e Hala Taufa’ahau me i he Tu’unga Fuka ki Mala’e Kula hono tanu. Ka kuo toe ngāue’aki foki e ‘one fana maka ia ‘e he kau toutai ki he fana ika pea ‘oku ‘auha ai mo e fanga ki’i ika iiki te nau hoko atu ki he kaha’u, haveki mo e feo mo e maka ko e nofo’anga mo e malu’anga ‘o e ika pea ‘i hono fakama’opo’opo ‘oku ola kovi ‘aupito, ka ko e tupu foki mei hono ngāue’aki e me’angāue hala ki he fatongia na’e ‘ikai fa’u ki ai.
‘Oku fakafuofua na’e kamata ‘e tau ngāue’aki ‘a e me’angāue maka (stone tools) ‘i he ta’u ‘e 1 miliona (1,000,000) kuo hili, ‘a ia na’e ma’u e tala ko eni mei he keli na’e fai ‘i he Noate ‘o Lonitoni (‘oku lipooti eni he tohi ‘a H. F. Osborn ko e “Man Rises to Parnassus”, 1928). Ko e ngaahi kongokonga maka ne ‘osi mafahi pe ‘i natula ‘o mata masila pea tau ngāue’aki leva ki he tele, fahi, keli pe tu’usi ha me’a.
Na’a tau toki kamata ngaohi me’angāue mei he maka ‘i he ta’u nai ‘e 150,000 kuo hili ‘a ia ko e ‘osi ia e ta’u ‘e 850,000 ‘e tau tufi me’angāue pe ‘i natula. Na’a tau ngaohi leva ‘a e mata masila ‘o ha konga maka ‘o toe masilaange, tanaki atu mo e kau pe puke’anga ‘o ha ki’i me’angāue pea tau teuteu’i ‘aki hono tatongitongi pea ma’u leva ‘e he ‘e tau me’angāue mo e faka’ofo’ofa. Lava hono fatongia (functional) pea to e ma’u mo e faka’ofo’ofa (beauty).
Ko e kuonga na’a tau hoko ki ai ko ‘e tau ngaohi kongokonga (interchangeable parts) ke fetongi ha konga ‘o ha’a tau me’angāue na’a tau ngaohi pea maumau ‘a ia na’e fua fai eni ‘e he kau sotia ‘Isipite ‘i he ta’u nai ‘e 5,100 kuo hili ‘i he ‘e nau ngaohi ‘e nau ngahau. Na’e ngaohi ke lava ‘e he me’afana (bow) ‘o fana’i ha ngaahi fa’ahinga fo’i tao (arrow) kehekehe kae ‘ikai ko e kalasi tao pe ‘e taha, ‘a ia ka maumau ha me’afana ‘a ha sotia ‘oku fetongi atu pe ‘aki ‘a e me’afana ‘e taha, pea ka ‘osi ‘ene tao pea ne ngāue’aki pe ha tao ‘oku ma’u he mala’e tau.
‘I he kuonga kimu’a na’e takitaha ngaohi pe ‘ene me’afana (bow) mo ‘ene tao (arrow) ‘o ‘ikai toe lava keu fana ‘eau ha tao ‘a ha taha kehe ‘i he ‘eku me’afana koia ai ka ‘osi ‘eku tao pe maumau ‘eku me’afana teu holomui mei he laini tau ‘o ngaahi ‘eku me’afana mo teuteu ‘eku ‘u tao pea u toki foki ki he laini. Kaikehe na’e toki lahi mai pe hono ngaohi ‘o e kongokonga (interchangeable parts) ‘o kamata ‘i he ta’u 1787 ‘aia ko e ta’u pe nai eni ‘e meimei 230 mei ai. ‘O ka maumau ha konga ‘o ‘ete me’alele ‘oku te kumi mai e konga ‘o fetongi’aki. Na’e muimui mai e kuonga ‘o e ngaohi koloa ‘o fokotu’u na (mass production) ‘i hono fanau’i ‘o e ngaohi kongokonga (interchangeable parts).
Na’e hu mai leva mo e fakakaukau ‘o e me’afua ki he ngaohi koloa ‘a ia na’e pau ke ‘i ai e tu’unga ka a’u ki ai e kanolelei pea toki paasi (go tolerance limit) ne toki kamata ia ‘i he 1840. Ko e “go tolerance limit” ko hono fakangata mei lalo ‘a e tu’unga kanolelei. Ne ‘osi e ta’u e 30, ‘a ia ko e 1870 ia, ne toe fakahu mai mo e fakakaukau ‘o hono fakangata mei ‘olunga ke ‘oua na’a ‘ova (go no-go tolerance limit). ‘A ia ko e specification ia na’a ku lave ki ai he tohi ki mu’a, ‘a e “go no-go tolerance limits), pea ngaohi ‘a e koloa (production) ke fakatatau ki ai pea toki sivi (inspection) pe ‘oku tuha. Ko hono sivi ‘o e mass production kuopau ke fai’aki ia e founga faka-fika/sitetisitika ‘o kau lahi ki ai hono ngāue’aki e ‘avalisi (mean) mo e feto’aki (variance). He ko hai tene kei nofo hifo ke sivi faka’auliliki ha fo’i ‘uhila ‘e lau kilu ‘oku ngaohi ‘e ha fale ngāue pe ‘e ulo pe ‘ikai.
Ne langa kautaha e ngaahi fonua pea hoko ‘o ngaohi ha koloa pe ‘e taha ‘e ha kautaha ‘e 2 pe 3 pe lahiange pea kamata ke hoha’a e ngaahi fonua ke tauhi e kanolelei (quality) ‘o ‘enau koloa ke ‘oua na’a ‘i ai ha kautaha ‘e to lalo telia na’a uesia fakakātoa ai mo e ngaahi kautaha ‘oku nau tauhi e kanolelei ‘o ‘e nau fakatupu koloa ke manakoa. Fai foki e fe’au’auhi fakavaha’akautaha pea moia ‘i he levolo ‘o e fakavaha’apule’anga pea ‘oku fu’u matu’aki mahu’inga ke tauhi e kanolelei. Na’e kamata leva ‘i he 1901 ‘i Pilitania ‘a hono ngāue’aki ‘o e standardization, ‘a ia ko hono fa’u ha ngaahi me’afua tau’ataina, ta’efilifilimanako pea fakafiemalie ke nau fua e kanolelei ‘o ha koloa ‘oku ngaohi.
Na’e muimui atu a Netherlands ‘i he 1917, Siamane ‘i he 1918, toki hu hifo a ‘Amelika ‘i he 1919, Siapani ‘i he 1922, ‘Asitelelia ‘i he 1923, Lusia ‘i he 1926 pea Nu’u Sila mo Siaina ‘i he 1933. Kuo ‘osi senituli pea meimei senituli e ni’ihi ‘o e ngaahi fonua talā ‘o māmani ‘i he ‘e nau ngāue’aki e standardization ke pukepuke kanolelei (quality), fakafiemalie (fair), fakalao’i mo e ha fua ‘o ‘enau fa’u koloa kau ai e ako. Ko ‘e tau fa’u koloa ‘o fakatau fakalotofonua ‘oku te’eki standardize, ko e me’a pe ‘oku ou fanongo ki ai ko hono hua’aki e folalahi e ngaahi kato manioke, talo, kumala , ‘ufi ka ‘i he takele ‘oku fu’u fo iiki ‘aupito.
Ko e fanga ki’i fakatātā si’isi’i pe ‘o e standardization (tulifua):
(1) Lahi: Ko e mala’e ‘akapulu ko hono ngaahi fua, lōloa, maaukupu, vahe fa, ‘e fua tatau ‘a e ngaahi mala’e ‘akapulu kotoa pe.
(2) Levolo: ko e volota e 240 mo e 110 ‘o e ivi faka’uhila ‘i he ngaahi me’angāue ‘oku fakalele ‘e he ’uhila.
(3) Fua: ‘I muli ‘oku meimei koe fua e mama’o ho’o tau ha’o me’alele mei he tapa’i hala ‘e ‘ikai toe lahiange ‘i he senitimita ‘e 30 pe ‘inisi ‘e 12.
(4) Faka’ilonga: Ko e faka’ilonga x kulokula ‘i he hala pule’anga ko e talamai ‘oku ‘ikai ngofua ke te huange. Ko e “t” ko e faka’ilonga ‘oku ngāue’aki ‘i he fika ki he taimi.
(5) Fokotu’utu’u: Ko e fokotu’utu’u ‘o e ki ‘o ha taipe hangē ko ia ‘oku ngāue’aki ki he komipiuta.
(6) Kouti: Morse code ‘i he teleletiō.
‘Oku ou ‘amanaki he ‘ikai ha taha ‘oku kei ta’emahino ki ai ‘a e mahu’inga ‘o e standardization (tulifua) ‘i he ‘e tau mo’ui he koe fe pe potu ‘oku te ‘i ai ‘oku ‘i ai pe mo e fa’ahinga tulifua kuopau ke te muimui mo taliui ki ai. ‘E fu’u fakalanga kete ‘aupito ka vili ha tamasi’i ke tuitui hono tupenu ke ngata ‘i hono funga tui pea ha’i hono ta’ovala ‘i hono kia, hangē ko e fakatapu.
[Teu toki hoko atu ki he Scientific Research (Fakatotolo FakaSaienisi)]
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17 comments
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OKu ki'i mole 'a e taimi mahu'inga 'o Helu he feinga fakatonutonu fakaekalama ko'eni 'oku mo'ua ai hotau ni'ihi he kikivi he taukave 'o e kumi ha ki'i me'a ke fai ai ha fakafekiki kae li'aki e kaveinga mahu'inga ko'eni kuo feinga 'a Helu ke fakamatala'i ke tuha moe tu'unga fakaako 'oku ma'ulalo pea ki he ma'olunga foki.. Fakamalo atu Helu he kei ma'u taimi ke fakama'ala'ala e kaveinga mahu'inga ni....
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Sorry but I may have forgotten my Tongan grammar. Anyways, I’ll be very happy to find a better translation for standardized or standardization. But as of now, this is how I look at it: “tuli (to chase after)” is a verb, “fua (to measure/ a measurement)” is a verb but it’s also a noun in its context here. We can write “tuli” and “fua” in two ways (1) “tuli fua” (separately) means feinga ke fakafeau, a’usi, pe talangofua ki ha fa’ahinga fiema’u pe tu’utu’uni, pe ko ha fakatātā ki ha sipinga pe motolo kuo ‘osi ngāue’aki pea fakamo’oni’i ‘oku kanolelei; (2) “tulifua” (together) ko e sipinga pe fakatātā’anga so it’s a noun and also an adjective.
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Malo 'aupito Helu e fakamaama. Pea kataki pe kae toe hao atu mu'a ki'i fifili ko'eni. Kuo liliu e combinatorial ki he komipinatoliolo 'aia koe liliu hangatonu pe meihe 'Ingilisi ki he lea Tonga. 'Ihe founga tatau pe, fefee kapau tetau liliu pe moe standardized mark ki he maaka sitenitataisi? Koe "maaka tulifua" foki 'oku lolotonga hafekasi pe ia he 'oku tau liliu hangatonu e mark ki he maaka kae liliu e standardized ki he tulifua.
Mallo. -
Koe Maaka koe nauna ka Koe tulifua Koe veape ia!
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Na’e kamata e paenga ko eni ‘i he raw mark mo e standardized score na’e te’eki ha’a ku ma’u ‘aku ki ha liliu Tonga ‘o e ngaahi lea muli ni. Na’e fokotu’u mai ‘i he fetohi’aki ‘a e ongo liliu ko ena maaka to’ofua mo e tulifua pea ‘i he ‘eku sio ki ai na’a ku tui ko e ongo liliu fe’unga eni pea neu ngāue’aki leva. ‘A ia ko e liliu ia ki he standardized ko e “tulifua” pea ko ia pe ‘oku ou toe ngāue’aki ki he standardization ‘i he ‘eku tui ko e tulifua ko e noun pea toe adjective ‘o hangē ko e lea kehe kehe. Huke’i e tikisinale fakaTonga mo ha tikisinale fakapalangi ‘oku hangē ha tahi ai e ‘u lea ‘oku fakatou nauna mo fakamatala nauna.
Teu fiefia ‘aupito ke toe ‘oatu ha ‘u fakatātā ke tokoni atu ke fakamahino ha me’a pe ‘oku si’i faingata’a’ia ai ha taha ‘oku ne lau ‘eku ‘u tohi he ‘oku ou ‘ilo pe ko e toki fai eni ha feinga ke liliu fakatonga mo fakamatala’i fakatonga ‘a e ‘u lea (vocabularies) mo e ‘u tefito’i fakakaukau (concepts/theories) mo e anga honau faka’aonga’i (application) ‘o e fika, sitetisitika mo e saienisi talu me ia Toketā Molitoni pea hoko mai ‘e Futa Helu mo Tevita ‘Ofa Helu. Ko e ngāue ‘a e toko tolu ko eni kou lave ki ai na’e tufaki pe i lokiako hangē ko e ngaahi lea ko e tuliki tatau, tuliki peku, tuliki masila, mo hono liliu hangatonu ‘o e Pythagorean Theorem ko e Teolema ‘a Pitakolasa kae ‘uma’a e binomial ki he Pinomi, combinatorial ki he komipinatoliolo, mo e ha fua ki he kakai na’e fai honau teuteu’i fakaako. Ko e mala’e (arena) ko eni ‘oku tau ‘i ai ‘oku tuifio pea ko e faka’amu ke tafe hifo ‘a e mahino ki he levolo taupotu ki lalo he ko e ngaahi nāunau eni ‘oku fiema’u ki he langa fonua pea ko e tokolahiange ‘a e ‘ilo kiai ko e faitokoniaange ia ‘a e feinga fakalakalaka ‘o e fonua.
Malō -
Koe tokanga atu pe ki he liliu lea. Koe raw mark ne liliu ia koe Maaka To'ofua pea liliu e standardized mark koe Maaka Tulifua. 'Aia koe maaka koe nauna (noun) ia pea fakamatala'i leva 'ehe Tulifua 'ae nauna koe maaka.
Toe liliu pe moe Standardization koe Tulifua. Ka koe Standardization heni koe nauna pea tau pehee ai pe koe Tulifua koe nauna moia. Ka 'oku 'ikai foki ke nauna e Tulifua ia he taimi 'iku tu'u fakataha moe Standardized mark (Maaka Tulifua).
Kae mahalo kuou to atu au ki tu'a mei he kaveinga.
Malo. -
Dr. Malo mu'a si'i 'osikiavelenga hono vahevahe mai ho mahino ke tokoni kiate kinautolu 'oku fie fanongoo.