Ko e Va ‘o e Maaka To’ofua (Raw Mark) mo e Maaka Tulifua (Standardized Score) Featured
Dr. Helu
Ko e Va ‘o e Maaka To’ofua (Raw Mark) mo e Maaka Tulifua (Standardized Score)
Fa’u ‘e Helu (Tonga International Academy/Moana Unitec)
‘Oku ou fie vahevahe atu pe fanga ki’i me’a ko eni ke fai ha talanoa kiai. Ko au na’aku fua fakafepaki’i e fakafoki koeni mei he maaka tulifua kihe maaka to’ofua talu hono kamata he hu mai pe ‘a e PM mo Piveni.
'Oku ou tui ne fe’unga ‘eku fakamatala ki he natula ‘o e ongo founga fakamaaka sivi ko eni pea ‘oku ma’u kotoa ‘ihe Nepituno ‘ihe sekisoni ‘ihe Ako (Education). Ko e fakamaaka foki koe me’a “fakafika” pea na’e fakahu mai ‘a e standardized score (maaka tulifua) he koe naunau “fakasitetisitika” ‘a ia koe fa’ahinga “fika” ia kuo hoko koe me’angāue mo e me’afua ‘a e saienisi pea ko hono fakamo’oni he kuo kapa ‘ehe sitetisitika e mala’e ako kotoa he ‘aho ni.
Ka ai ha taha ‘oku ‘ikai ke ‘iai ha’ane ‘ilo lelei kihe sitetisitika ‘e faingata’a ‘aupito ‘ene faka’uhinga he ‘aho ni he ko e me’a kotoa pe ‘oku mahu’inga kihe mo’ui ‘oku fakafou mai ia ‘ihe sitetisitika. ‘Oku ‘i ai e ngaahi makatuliki ‘o e faka’uhinga fakasitetisitika ‘oku nofo lelei ai e standardized score pea mo e raw marks pea ‘oku mahino ‘aupito hona kehekehe hange’ koia neu fa’a talanoa kiai.
‘Oku ‘ikai kau ai ha tele talo moha fohi manioke. Koia ‘oku ou fie tānaki atu m oe ‘u polopalema kehe ‘i hono mono fakamalohi mai ‘o e raw mark kene fetongi 'a e standardized score ke tokoni atu ki he fonua ke fakamahino ko e polopalema ko'eni na’e kamata pe mei manava mei hono tu’itu’ia pea ‘oku fasimanava ai e fonua ‘i he ala atu ‘a e kau nimatapu kenau teke’i a Lei mei hono fu’u mei. Ko e ngaahi ‘uhinga eni:
(1) Ko e ‘uhinga foki eni na’aku fokotu’u atu ai ‘ihe fakataha ‘ihe uike kuo ‘osi kihe raw mark mo e standardized score na’e totonu ke ‘omi ha taha independent kene fai e fekumi pe ‘oku holo e ako hange’ ko e tui ‘a e Palemia mo Piveni. Ko hono toe ‘oange pe kia Piveni lolotonga ‘oku teu ke ma’u ‘ene lau kilu ‘oka ne fix 'a e polopalema ko e lotu mo’oni pe tene tala mai ‘oku ‘ikai to lalo e ako, ‘a ia ko e me’a ia ‘oku ui ko e conflict of interest.
(2) Koe taha foki na’e ‘ikai ha qualification pe ha experience a Piveni kene fai e ngaue ko'eni, Ko e ngaue fakasitetisitika ‘oku fiema’u ke fakahoko ‘eha taha ‘oku ‘iai hano M.A pe PhD ‘ihe statistics pea toe lahi mo ha’ane peer reviewed journal publications ‘o tanaki atu ia ki ha’ane taukei ‘i hono fakahoko ha ngaahi fakatotolo natula pehe ni ‘a ia ko e trend analysis ‘oua toe si’iange he ta’u ‘e nima kae ala falala’anga.
(3) Ko hono fakataha’i ‘o e (1) moe (2) ‘oku ne talamai na’e ‘ikai totonu ke fai e ngaue ko 'eni ko hono fetongi e standardized score.
(4) Ka ‘o kapau na’e lava ke fai hono fakamo’oni’i ‘oku hifo 'a e ako, pea koe fehu’i hoko ko e fe me’a na’a ne fakatupu he ‘oku lahi e ngaahi factor ‘oku lava kenau uesia e fetukuaki ‘a e ola ‘oe ako. Ko e founga fakamaaka pe koe seti ‘oe sivi? Fefe’ ‘a’ahi? Fefe’ kau faiako? Mo e ha fua mo e ha fua?. Kaikehe ‘oku malava ke tala pe ko e fe factor ‘oku fekau’aki malohi (correlate) taha mo e fetukuaki he ola ‘oe ako ka ‘e fai’aki ia ‘a e statistical modeling pea toki vete’aki e multivariate regression analysis approach.
Kuopau ke lau ta’u mo hono fai e ngaue koeni kae toki lava ke ma’u hano ola. Ko e founga ‘e taha ke fakahoko ha experiment (kae lava ke tala e cause and effect) ‘a ia ‘e fa’u pea test pea toki fakahoko kiha cohort pea ‘e lau ta’u lahiange ia kae toki lava ke tau tukuaki’i koe cause (tupu’anga) ko e standardized score.
‘Oku mahino pe na’e ‘ikai fai ha ngaue pehe ni he na’e tonu leva ia ke lau ta’u pea toki a’usia ‘a e fakamo’oni ke to’o e standardized score kae toe fakafoki mai pe ‘a e raw mark (molitonga). Na’e hu mai pe Palemia pea ‘osi atu pe mahina ‘e taha pe fiha kuo kamata 'a e ngaue ko eni. K oe me’a ‘oku mahino na’e ‘ikai ha ‘ilo fe’unga kihe ngaue ni ‘aha taha ‘i he kakai na’anau vilitaki ke fakahoko.
(5) ‘Oku ‘ikai keu ‘ilo kihe founga ngaue’aki ‘o e standardization kihe fakamaaka ‘o ‘etau sivi ka ‘oku ou ‘ilo ‘a e puipuitu’a fakasitetisitika he koia na’e ‘omi’aki ki loto ko e fiema’u ke fair ‘o ‘ave kihe standard normal kene fakamaau. Koha ngaahi ngaue makehe mei ai koe tomu’a feinga ke fakapalanisi kae toki fai hono fakamaaka ‘a ia ko e standardization kotoa pe. He’ikai ha toe founga fakamaaka ‘o e sivi he mamani ‘e mavahe mei he standardization.
(6) Ko e 50% ‘ae maaka lava ‘o e raw mark ‘oku tatau pe ‘i ha lesoni pe he koe abstract average he ‘oku fa’u pe ‘ihe abstract average ‘o e lowest score mo e highest score. Ko e practical average ko e “mean” ‘a ia ‘oku tanaki kotoa e ngaahi maaka pea vahevahe’aki e tokolahi ‘o e kau sivi. Koe sivi ‘oku practical so why raw marks?. ‘Oku tau toki step up meihe mean kihe standardized score. ‘Oku taha pe definition ‘oe standardized score ‘i hono ngaue’aki ki he ngaahi me’a ‘oku ‘ulungaanga fakamata’ifika. Ko hono application ‘oku lahi.
(7) Ko e kotoa ‘oe ngaahi examples na’e demonstrate ‘e Piveni 'a e ola kovi ‘o e standardization koe ‘u snapshot kotoa. ‘Oku ‘ikai tali eni he mala’e ‘o e fktotolo fakamata’ifika/sitetisitika he ‘oku lava pe ‘eha taha ‘o to’o mai e ‘u ‘imisi kovi kae lolotonga koia ‘oku ‘iai pe moe ‘u ‘imisi lelei. Ko e ‘uhinga eni ‘oku pau ai ke fakahoko e trend analysis.
(8) Ko e konga ua ‘o e tipeiti ko'eni ko e ola ‘o e raw mark kuo polopalema’ia ai e fonua ka na’e ‘ikai ke pehe’ ‘i he taimi ‘o e standardized score. ‘Oku ou fokotu’u atu ke tau ki’i tatali kia Emily Moala Pouvalu he koia ‘oku ne kanokato ‘a e ‘u nunu’a kuo tau a’usia.
(9) Hange’ pe koe me’a na’a ku fokotu’u atu he ta’u kuo ‘osi ke fakatou faka’aonga’i pe a he taumaia na’e toe fiema’u ha me’a fo’ou ke fai kiai. Na’e pau ke ‘a’ahi ‘o ‘omi ‘a e raw mark pea toki fai hono standardize, koe ha leva hono polopalema ke tohi he lipooti e raw mark pea tohi mai mo e standardized score.
Malo.
 mo e Maaka Tulifua (Standardized Score) "Pin It")
28 comments
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Koe mo'ui kakato ke fe'ao moe Tulifua kae lava ke 'iai ha Taufonua.Mahalo oku laau'ilo eni ehe kau folautahi.TULIFUA---HIKIFUA---- TAUFONUA. Koe tokotaha okune ave ae uhinga kihe moana vavale ihe mamani oe politikale oku siokita ia he koe ngaahi taumu'a fisifisimu'a 'ae ako ke feimo si'isi'i a mamani mo faingofua pea koe sitetisitika ae me'angaue taau kihe Tulifua moe Hikifua kae ma'u e siate folau koe Taufonua.
Oku ha mahino ae fklakalaka mai ae ako ihe etau a'usia mai ae sisitemi oe standardisation ihe mala'e oe ako ka na'e iai pe foki ia he kamata'anga oe mo'ui pea mo'etau ngaue fk'aho ihe mala'e kotoa pe oe nofo ihe mo'ui ae tangata.Koe Rawmark mark nae ikai ha mea pehee ia.Koe toe fklaka lahi kihe fonua oka lava ke fokotu'u ha Tonga national standardisation institute ke pule'i mei ai ae Tulifua moe Hikifua ka ko hono lelei he okune fkivia e Efika moe Molale koe fkpapau kuo sila'i koe ikuna ae Siatefolau. -
Tangata Mokofisi! Malo e poupou. 'Ofa atu ka koe masi'i!
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'IKAI VILI...'Oku tokolahi 'a e tu'unga ako kehekehe 'i he ha'ofangá ni. 'E 'ikai teke tu'uaki'i 'oku 'ilo 'e he tokotaha kotoa ho'o 'uhingá. Keheheke eni mei ho'o fa'u 'ēsei ma'a ho'o kalasi pisinisi, pe sitetisitika 'i faleako.
1) Ko e "public forum" eni, pea kuo pau ketau fakamatala fakaikiiki ki he kau lautohi ke mahino; ko e "popular media" 'a e ha'ofangá ni; 'oku 'ikai ko e kalasi 'i faleako (captive audience).
2) 'O kapau teke 'omai ha "quotation" pea 'ikai ke fakamatala faka-ikiiki, mahino mai 'oku ke faka'aoga'i 'a e 'uhinga 'o e quotation. Ko ia 'oku totonu ke fakamatala 'aki e "logical supporting evidence." (Any college professor would give you an F if you reply in an essay with a one-line quote.)
3. Statistics are the closest to the "absolute truth" we can get, as mortals. Unfortunately, we don't have angels to keep us honest. Law of Probability eliminates guesswork, and away from superstitions because: NUMBERS DON'T LIE.
4) Like I wrote before...instead of using "quantitative analysis" where mathematical data rule, and statistics is king...the "qualitative analysis" is used as anthropologists do.
5) However, statistics is still used when a survey of large populations is desired in qualitative research.
6) Finally, we do not "faafaa he fakapo'uli" in scientific research, by using statistics. We're using the best tools in scientific research. -
Tangata Mokofisi! Kataki ka ko 'eku fakakaukau pe ke 'oua 'e toe fakaikiiki he 'koe kakai lalahi kitautolu.
Fakatokanga'i ange 'oku tau kauhala taha pe, fakataha pe mo e tangata ko Failo. Ka 'oku 'ikai ke u tui 'oku hanga 'e Failo 'o tukuhifo e Sitesitika. He's basically agreeing that attaining absolute truth is impossible!
Statistics aren't lies! But they are not the truth either! The grade/mark that you and I give our students are our best measure of their ability! This evaluation is not based on nothing but on numerous contextual factors including our professional experience and prior knowledge. In here resides the subjectivity!
Ko 'e tau me'a 'oku fai ni koe faafaa pe he fakapo'uli! -
Mark Hanson, 'oku mo'oni 'aupito e ngaahi fifili 'oku ke fai ka ko e pango ko e 'ai ke omi e si'i kau paipa pelesitiki ko ena 'a e Potungaue 'o fakamatala e ha. Ko e CEO 'oku mahino pe he'ene si'i sio mai 'oku hala ata ha'ane 'ilo e' taha ki ha me'a kau ki he issue 'oku fai hono talanga'i huanoa kapau 'e lea mai eh? Ko e paipa Pone, Paipa Oko ne 'osi fakahiki mei he va'a sivi ko e kaakaa foki. Ko failautohi solopani 'oku vave pe ngatata hono ngutu hange ko e solopani ka 'oku hala mo e brain. Na'e lahi 'ene ngutu'i finemotu'a. Na'e hiki mei he EMIS ko e hala 'a e data, Ka ko eni kuo toe fakafoki ki ai, 'eke kia Pola Tapueluelu, hehehe! Ne hiki ki he Procurement Division pea fakapuna mei ai ko e kalasi 6 'a e English. Ka kuo lailaione ia he malu'i 'o 'Akili he ko 'enau kau tama foki mo Pive.
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Koe Saienisi koia koe Vusika (Physics) 'oku ope atu 'e nau fakatotolo ki ha mamani 'oku fakaofo fau. Kuo nau hanga 'o tofitofi ha fa'ahinga me'a pe 'i Natula 'o tu'ovalevale fau pea 'ikai ke toe lava 'ae mata 'o mamata kiai. Koe ola 'oku ma'u koha fa'unga fakanatula 'oku ui ia koe 'atomi. Ka kuo toe tofitofi moe 'atomi 'o toe iiki ange 'o tau a'u atu ai kiha fo'i mamani 'oku ou ui koe "mamani 'oe tu'o valevale" pe koe Quantum World. :Oku fakaofo fau 'ae mamani ko 'eni 'i he ngaahi 'uhinha ko 'eni
1. Koe ivi fusi pe teke (Force) 'oku ne pukepuke 'ae fanga ki'i me'a iiki taha 'o Natula ko hono malohi 'oku liunga piliona, piliona .. ia 'i he malohi 'oe kalavite. Ka koe kalavite 'oku toe fakaofo moia he koha ivi 'oku fu'u vaivai fau ka 'oku ne malava ke pukepuke 'a ngaahi me'a lalahi taha ;o Natula, 'ae la'a moe ngaahi palanite kau ai 'a mamani moe mahina moe fetu'u 'oku tau sio kiai 'i he langi. 'Oku nau nofo lelei 'i honau ngaahi tu'u'anga tupunga mei hoho pukepuke ki nautolu 'e he kalavite. Koe mamani 'oe tu'ovalvale 'oku ne longo moe ivi malohi 'aupito pe ivi fusi fefeka taha ;ihe Univeesi pea koe ki'i konga si'isi'i pe 'oe ivi koia ne mamata kiai 'a mamani 'i he 1945 he fo'i pomu na'e li ki Hroshima.
2. Koe mamani 'oe tu'ovalevale pe koe Quantum World 'oku pule'i ia 'ehe ngaahi lao 'oku ui koe Quantum Mechanics. Koe ngaahi lao ni 'oku pule aoniu kiai 'ae STATISTICS moe PROBABILITY. Na'e toe tupu mei ai moe fakakaukau fo'ou 'a Heisenberg koe "Uncertainty Principle" pea na'e 'ikai fiemalie kiai 'a Einstein 'o to ai 'ene lea 'iloa koia koe "God does not play dice with the universe".
3. Koe me'a 'i he pule aoniu 'ae STATISTICS moe PROBABILITY ki he mamani ko'eni 'oku ne longo moe ivi lahi taha 'o Natula kuo toe pehe ai 'e he kau fakaotolo 'e ni'ihi "STATISTICS IS GOD"
4. Ko 'e tau 'ilo kihe Statistics 'i ho tau ki'i motu ni 'oku ngata pe 'i he fakalele pisinisi fa'u lipooti ki he ngaahi potungaue moe feinga'i ha fo'i ma ke tau ma'u he pongipongi. Mole ke mama'o ke tau 'ilo koe Statistics 'oku aoniu 'ene pule ki Natula
Koe ngata ia 'oe ki'i talanoa fie ma'uma'u atu ki he fa'ahinga fika koia koe Statistics. -
VILI...'ANGE'ANGE TAMÁ HE TA'AHINÉ...'Oua teke mamahi, ka ke tufi 'ilo 'i he felāfoakí. Tatau tofu pe ho'o ki'i "quote" nounou mai "subjectivity of knowledge" ko e quote mai 'a Failo kau ki he setisitiká. Koefe'ia ho'o mo fakamatala fakaikiiki mai ho'o mo 'uhingá (supporting evidence)?
1. Ko e "subjectivity of knowledge" 'oku faka-fehoanaki ia mo e "objectivity of knowledge". Ka 'oku 'ikai teke fakaikiiki mai 'a e "subjectivity", pea 'ikai teke faka-e'a mai 'a e "objectivity".
2. Ko ho'o feinga kākā, pe ko ho'o kape'i mai 'emau fakamatala kau ki he mahu'inga 'o e setisitika?
3. "Subjective" ko e tu'uaki fakakaukau pe ia 'a e tokotaha fa'utohi, pe fa'u 'ēseí. Ko e "objectivity" ko e fakakau mai 'o e ngaahi fakakaukau mei he kakai kehekehe (stakeholders).
4. Ko e tokāteline "objectivity" 'oku faka-'aonga'i 'e he mītiá, ko e fakasi'isi'i 'a e fakakaukau (editorialize) 'a e faiongoongó. Ko Sīsū pe tokotaha 'oku Ne lava 'o faka-'aonga'i 'a e "objectivity" he 'okú Ne ma'u 'a e totonú (Truth). Ko kitautolu kotoa, 'oku tau feinga ke fakasi'isi'i 'a e loi mo e kākā 'i hono fakapapau'i 'e he setisitiká: NUMBERS DON'T LIE.
5. 'Oku fiema'u 'a e setisitiká ke fakasi'isi'i 'a e fehālaakí (error tolerance), mo e lohiaki'i 'o e kakaí ta'e faka-papau'i.
6. 'Ikai 'oku makatu'unga 'a e setisitiká 'i he "law of probability"? Ko hono fakapapau'i 'a e ofiotfitaha ki he totonú, ka e 'oua 'e faka-palataha pe ki he monū'iá (opportunity of chance), pe ko e fai'aki 'a e tui faka-tēvoló (superstition). -
Koe kupu'i lea ne tuku mai 'e Failo 'oku faka'ofo'ofa 'aupito pe ia pea me'apango 'oku 'ikai ongolelei ki he tokolahi. 'Oku ou kau he ni'i hi 'oku mamahi he lau e ngaahi komeni 'oku 'ikai taau ia ke fai ki he tangata ko Failo.
Koe "Lies, damned lies, and statistics" 'oku lahi hono ngaue'aki he mala'e 'oe talanga fakaako ke tokoni ki hono fakamamafa'i 'e "subjectivity of knowledge". Pea koe 'maaka sivi' koe fakataataa totonu ia, he 'oku ne fakafotunga mai pe e fo'i "fakafuofua" 'oe lahi e 'ilo 'ae tokotaha ako. - 'A ia koe natula ia 'oe sitetisitika!
'Ofa atu Failo -
Na'e 'eke 'ehe CEO malolo pe ko fe a Siaosi Pohiva na'e tonu ke ha'u 'o fai e fakamatala he ko pive koe fu'u tekinikale 'oku 'ikai ha'ane 'ilo ki he assessment. Ka na'e pehee 'e he taha e kau 'ofisa ma'olunga e potungaue ako na'e 'osi totongi 'ehe potungaue e tikite 'a siaosi ke ha'u kihe fakataha kae 'ikai 'ilo pe koe ha na'e 'ikai ha'u ai. 'Eke atu kia CEO Koloti mo 'ene kau paipa pe fakamatala mai pe koe ha koaa e mo'oni he 'oku fepakipaki 'enau ngaahi fakamatala. Hange koe lau 'a CEO malolo, koe ha e me'a 'oku hoko ki he sivi Form 7 'oe 2015, pea koe ha e me'a 'e hoko ki he Sivi form 7 'oe 2016, ko hai 'univesiti tene tali 'etau fanau ako 'oe ta'u ni. Lolotonga 'etau tali ki he tohi 'ave takai 'oku lau 'e Sia'afafine ke tau fakamo'oni ai, tau toe kole fakatokolahi ki he CEO, Oko, ponapate, solopani mo hai fua e kau paipa he potungaue ke 'omai ha tali pau ki he tukunga 'oe sivi he ta'u ni moe kaha'u 'o 'etau fanau.
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Kau tangata, mahalo kuo fe'unga e talanga ka tau tu'u a 'o fai ha ngaue ke fei mo ta'ofi 'a Pive mo 'Akili. 'Oku ou fanongo 'oku 'ave takai e tohi ke fakamo'oni ai e kakai ke launga'i e Minisita Ako ko e 'uhi ko e ngaahi maumau kuo ne fai ki he ako talu 'ene hoko ki he lakanga. Ko e founga ia 'e lava ke mahino 'oku tau fai e ngaue ke ta'ofi e me'a ko e vale kua he fonua ni.