Tauhivā Mo e Fatongia FakaTonga Mo e Temokalati Mo e Kepitalisi FakaUēsite: Ko ha Sio Mei he Fakakaukau/Teoli Tā-Vā ‘o e ‘Iai ^Featured

Fai ‘e Palōfesa Hūfanga Dr ‘Ōkusitino Māhina
Professor of Art, Culture and Critical Anthropology
Vava’u Academy for Critical Inquiry and Applied Research [VACIAR] &
Tonga International Academy [TIA]

Na‘a ku talanoa, he ‘atikolo 16, ki ha fanga ki‘i fakatātā ‘o e fakakaukau mo fakangāue ‘oku ou ui ko e “Moanaism” – ‘o huluhulu mei he ngāue fakaako / fakasaienisi mo faka‘aati / fakalitilali ma‘ongo‘onga ‘a Palōfesa Epeli Hau‘ofa [‘o hangē ko e “Orientalism” mo Palōfesa Edward Said] – ‘a ia ‘oku ‘uhinga ‘a e “Moanaism,” [pe “Oceanism”], ki hono mimio mamahi ‘e he kau sikola ‘o e Uēsite mo e Uēsite mei he sio fakaUēsite ‘a e ngaahi fonua / kalatua mo e tala / lea ‘o e Moana / [‘Ōsēnia / Pasifiki] – ‘o kau ai ‘a e ngaahi ‘ilo mo e poto tupu‘a ‘oku fa‘oaki he fonua / kalatua mo fakafetu‘utaki he tala / lea – ‘o fulihi kinautolu mei honau ngaahi angatotonu ki ha ngaahi angakehe.

Te u lave heni, he ‘atikolo 17, ki he tauhivā mo e fatongia fakaTonga mo e temokalati mo e kepitalisi fakaUēsite – ‘a ia ‘oku fekau‘aki ‘a e tauhivā mo e mafai [politiki] ka e felāve‘i ‘a e fatongia mo e koloa [‘ikonōmika] – ‘o hangē pē ko e fekau‘aki ‘a e politiki [mafai] mo e temokalati ka e felāve‘i ‘a e ‘ikonōmika [koloa] mo e kepitalisi. ‘Oku ma‘u heni ko e tauhivā ko e founga fakamafai [fakapolitikale] mo e fatongia ko e sīpinga fakakoloa [faka’ikonōmika], ‘o hangē pē ko e temokalati ko e founga fakapolitikale [fakamafai] mo e kepitalisi ko e sīpinga faka’ikonōmika [fakakoloa]. ‘Oku to e mahino heni ‘a e kehekehe ‘ena founga hono fokotu‘utu‘u ‘o e mafai [power] mo e koloa [wealth].

‘Oku tupu mei he mālohi ‘a e temokalati mo e kepitalisi ‘ene ‘ākilotoa ‘a e tauhivā mo e fatongia, ‘o tupu mei he‘ena vaivai ‘ena mo‘ulaloa ki he temokalati mo e kepitalisi. ‘Oku fakatokolahi ‘a e to‘ongafai ‘o e tauhivā mo e fatongia ka e fakatokotaha ‘a e angafai ‘o e temokalati mo e kepitalisi, ‘o tupu ‘a e kafataha ‘o e nofo fakatokolahi he takitaha fai ‘a e ngaahi fatongia fakalukufua ka e tupu ‘a e ma‘uma‘uluta ‘o e nofo fakatokotaha he takitaha kumi ‘a e tupu fakatautaha. ‘Oku ‘uhinga ia ‘oku fakatokolahi ‘a e totonu ‘a e tauhivā mo e fatongia, ‘o mo‘ulaloa ‘a e tokotaha ki he tokolahi, ka e fakatokotaha ‘a e totonu ‘a e temokalati mo e kepitalisi, ‘o mo‘ulaloa ‘a e tokolahi ki he tokotaha.

Na‘e talu hono fakanunu mai ‘o e temokalati mo e kepitalisi ki Tonga mei he‘ene fua fetu‘utaki mo ‘Iulope he Senituli 17, ‘o tuku‘au mai ai pē he Senituli 19, ‘a ia na‘e tumutumu hono fakahū mai ‘a e Lao ‘o Vava‘u 1839, Lao ‘o e Tau‘atāina 1862 mo e Konisitūtone ‘o Tonga 1875. Neongo hono fakahū mai ‘a e ngaahi kupu lalahi ‘o e temokalati mo e kepitalisi he Lao mo e Konisitūtone ka na‘e kei ma‘uma‘uluta pē ‘a e mo‘ui tauhivā mo e fatongia fakaTonga, ‘o toki mālohi mai hono uesia he kuonga ‘o e pule ‘a Kingi Taufa‘āhau Tupou IV he‘ene ngaahi liliu faka‘ikonōmika fakakepitalisi mei he 1940 tupu he‘ene kei Pilinisi Kalauni mo Palēmia, ‘a ia na‘e to e fakavave hono taukave mo teke ‘o e liliu fakapolitikale fakatemokalati mei he 1980 tupu.

Na‘e to e fakalalahi ‘a e hake‘uta mai ‘a e temokalati mo e kepitalisi hili ‘a e Taulahi II ‘a Mamani [WWII], ‘o vaka mai he fakakaukau fakaUN, fakaUēsite mohu polopalema ‘o e fakalakalaka faka‘ikonōmika [economic development], ‘a ia ko hono feinga‘i ‘a e ngaahi fonua kehe mei he Uēsite na‘e taku ‘oku nau masiva mo langalangahake ke tukuange ‘enau kalatua ka nau ohi mai ‘a e founga ‘o e ngaahi fonua Uēsite, ‘o lau tokua ‘oku nau tu‘umālie mo maama ange. Na‘e ngāue‘aki ‘a e fakalakalaka faka‘ikonōmika ko e me‘angāue fakakepitalisi ki hono liliu ‘a e ngaahi fonua kehe mei he Uēsite ki he kepitalisi.

Na‘e to e ta‘ota‘o hake heni mo e tokāteline fakaonopooni fakaUN, fakaUēsite to e fonu polopalema ‘o e fakalakalaka mapule‘ia [sustainable development] ko e tali tokua ki he nunu‘a kovi mo fakatu‘utāmaki hono faka‘auha ta‘efakaongonoa ‘o e ‘ātakai, ‘a ia ‘oku tu‘utu‘unuku ai hotau palanite, ‘a mamani, ki he ‘auha ta‘engata. Neongo kotoa ia ka ‘oku fakalea fakasiokita, fakatokotaha ‘a e fakalakalaka mapule‘ia ko e fakalakalaka ke ne fakatōli‘a ‘a e fiema‘u ‘o e to‘utangata he ‘ahoni, ‘o ‘ikai ke ne uesia ai ‘a e fiema‘u ‘a e to‘utangata ‘o e kaha‘u – ‘a ia ‘oku fehangahangai mo e tokāteline fakatokolahi fakaTonga ‘o e fonua, ‘a ia ‘oku peisi he fetauhi‘aki he vā ‘o e kakai mo e ‘ātakai, mo fefua‘aki hona takitaha fatongia he funga ‘o e tatau, potupotutatau mo e faka‘ofo‘ofa ‘ena fekau‘aki ta‘engata he tā mo e vā.  

Na‘e to e kaunga ‘a e hake‘uta mai ‘a e kepitalisi mo e temokalati hili ‘a e Tau Mokomoko / Tau Ngutu [Cold War] he vaha‘a ‘o Lūsia mo ‘Amelika, Kominusi-‘Olikakī / Tikitato mo e Kepitalisi-Temokalati mo Hahake-Hihifo, ‘a ia na‘e kamata he ‘osi ‘a e Taulahi II ‘a Mamani [WWII], ‘o makatu‘unga he takitaha fe‘au‘auhi mo fakahāhā hono mafai faka‘ikonōmika, fakapolitikale mo fakakautau. Na‘e kamata he hili ‘a e holofā ‘a Lūsia, Kominusi-‘Olikakī mo Hahake he 1989 hono fakamāfola ‘i mamani ‘e ‘Amelika mo Hihifo, UN mo e Pangike ‘a Mamani ‘a e temokalati, ‘o vaka mai he fakakaukau mo fakangāue fonu polopalema ‘o e pule fakapolitikale [political governance] ‘oku ne taukave ‘a e pule lelei [good governance] pē taki lelei [good leadership].

‘Oku hoko ‘a e tokāteline ‘o e pule fakapolitikale [political governance], pule lelei [good governance] pē taki lelei [good leadership] ko e me‘angāue fakapolitikale ‘a e temokalati, ‘o hangē pē ko e hoko ‘a e tokāteline ‘o e fakalakalaka faka‘ikonōmika [economic development] ko e me‘angāue ‘a e kepitalisi, ‘a ia ‘oku na ngāue fakatoulōua ki hono fakama‘uma‘uluta fakatou‘osi ‘a e temokalati mo e kepitalisi. ‘Oku makatu‘unga ‘a e pule fakapolitikale [political governance], pule lelei [good governance] pē taki lelei [good leadership] he ‘ata-ki-tu‘a [transparency], tali-ui [accountability], vahevahe-tatau [equality] mo e fakamaau-totonu [justice].

‘Oku tefito ‘a e fakalakalaka faka‘ikonōmika he tau‘atāina ke fakatupu koloa fakatokotaha [kepitalisi], ‘o hangē pē ko e tefito ‘a e tau‘atāina fakapolitikale he totonu fakatokotaha [temokalati]. ‘Oku ngāue fakataha ‘a e tokāteline fakaUēsite ‘o e pule fakapolitikale [political governance], pule lelei [good governance] pē taki lelei [good leadership], ‘a ia ‘oku peisi he ‘ata-ki-tu‘a [transparency], tali-ui [accountability], vahevahe-tatau [equality] mo e fakamaau-totonu [justice] mo e tokāteline ‘o e fakalakalaka faka‘ikonōmika [economic development], ‘o tefito he tau‘atāina ke fakatupu koloa fakatokotaha, “mei-tu‘a-ki-loto” – ‘a ia ‘oku kehe mo fehangahangai ia mo e ngāue fakatokolahi ‘a e tokāteline fakaTonga ‘o e tauhivā mo e fatongia “mei-loto-ki-tu‘a.”

‘Oku ‘osi fa’o kotoa pē ‘a e ngaahi me‘a ngali fo‘ou kuo hake‘uta mai he tokāteline tu‘ufonua fakaTonga ‘o e tauhivā mo e fatongia, ‘a ia ‘oku fakatokolahi / fakafelavai hono anga ka e ‘ikai fakatokotaha / fakakohi / fakalaini ‘ene to‘onga, ‘o hangē ko e tokāteline fakaUēsite ‘o e temokalati mo e kepitalisi. ‘Oku ‘asi ‘a e fakatokolahi / fakafelavai ‘a e tokāteline fakaTonga ‘o e tauhivā mo e fatongia he‘ena to‘ongafai, ‘o hangē ko e fe‘ofa‘aki-‘a-kakau mo e maka-fetoli‘aki ka e pehē ki he fetokoni‘aki, fetauhi‘aki, fe‘alu‘aki mo e fe‘ave‘aki he nofo [‘o kau ai mo e faka‘apa‘apa, mamahi‘i-me‘a mo e ‘ofa-fonua], ‘a ia ‘oku fakafenāpasi ai ‘a e fepakipaki, ‘o liliu mei he tūkunga ‘o e felekeu ki he tu‘unga ‘o e maau. ‘Oku to e ‘asi ‘eni he fetauhi‘aki ‘a e ngaahi vā mo e fefua‘aki ngaahi ‘o e fatongia, ‘o hange ko e hou‘eiki mo honau kakai mo e kakai mo honau hou‘eiki, pule‘anga mo hono kakai mo e kakai mo honau pule‘anga mo e faifekau mo hono siasi mo e siasi mo honau faifekau mo e hā fua.

‘Oku hoko ‘a e vālelei hono tauhi ‘a e ngaahi vā mo fuesia ‘a e ngaahi fatongia he funga ‘o e tatau, potupotutatau mo e faka‘ofo‘ofa, ‘o ma‘u ai ‘a e tau‘atāina, ‘a ia ‘oku fungani he nofo fekoekoe’i, melino, fiefia mo e faingamālie – ka e hoko ‘a e vākovi hono ta‘etauhi ‘a e ngaahi vā mo ta‘efuesia ‘a e ngaahi fatongia he funga ‘o e ta‘etatau, potupotukehekehe mo e palakū, ‘a ia ‘oku ma‘u ai ‘a e pōpula, ‘o humaki he mo‘ui feke‘ike‘i, tau, mamahi  mo e faingatāmaki. ‘Oku hoko tatau fakatoulōua ‘eni he ‘api, kāinga, kolo, ha‘a, fonua, pule‘anga, ako, faiva, toutai, ngoue, pisinisi, lotu mo e hā fua, ‘o tefito ‘a e vālelei mo e vākovi, ‘a ia ko e hala ki he tau‘atāina mo e pōpula he fetauhi‘aki ‘a e ngaahi vā mo e fefua‘aki ‘a e ngaahi fatongia.

Na‘e ngāue‘aki lahi he Lao mo e Konisitūtone ‘a e lea fakaTonga ko e tau‘atāina ka e ‘ikai ko e lea Tonga ohi ko e temokalati mei he lea ‘Ingilisi ko e democracy. Neongo na‘e fua fofoa‘i ‘a e fakakaukau mo fakangāue ‘o e temokalati, ‘o ‘uhinga ko e “demos kratos,” [that is, “rule of the mob” pē “pule ‘a e kakai”], ‘a ia ‘oku taku ko e “pule‘anga ‘a e kakai, fa‘u ‘e he kakai, ma‘ae kakai” [‘o nau tau‘atāina fakapolitikale mei he pule ‘a e hou‘eiki] ‘a ia na‘e tupu fakataha hake mo e ako, saienisi mo e filōsofia [‘o nau tau ‘atāina faka‘atamai mei he pule ‘a e lotu mo e fananga], ‘i Kalisi kimu‘a he kuonga ‘o Kalaisi – ka na‘e toki kamata mafola pē hono ngāue‘aki lahi ‘i mamani he ta‘u ‘e 100 tupulahi kuo ‘osi. ‘Oku ui ‘e Tonga ‘a e democracy ko e tau‘atāina ka e ui ‘a e tau‘atāina ‘e he Uēsite ko e democracy.

‘Oku ma‘u ‘a e tau‘atāina he ‘uhinga fakaTonga mei he fetauhi‘aki ‘a e ngaahi vā mo fefua‘aki ‘a e ngaahi fatongia ma‘ae lelei fakatokolahi ‘a e fonua ka e ‘ikai ko e ‘uhinga fakaUēsite ‘o ma‘u ‘a e temokalati mei he fakatupu koloa ma‘ae totonu fakatokotaha. ‘E faingata‘a fau ka fefusiaki ‘a e fakatokolahi mo e fakatokotaha ka ko hono fakafenāpasi kinaua, ‘o kumi ‘a e tatau mo e potupotutatau ‘i hona vā ke ma‘u ‘a e faka‘ofo‘ofa, melino mo e fiefia, ‘a ia ko e fua mo’oni ia ‘o e tau‘atāina he ‘uhinga fakaTonga pē temokalati he sio fakaUēsite. ‘Oku lau ha fonua tau‘atāina ha fonua melino, fiefia mo faingamālie – mo ha fonua pōpula ha fonua vātau, mamahi mo faingatāmaki.

[‘Oku ‘i ai ‘a e fīsisi faka‘ofo‘ofa mo mālie fau mo mā‘uhinga mo ‘aonga atu na‘e tufunga ‘e Palōfesa Maui-TāVā-He-Ako Dr Tēvita Ō. Ka‘ili ki hono mata‘itohi Toketā Filōsofī he kaveinga ko e tauhivā he mala‘e ko e ‘Ātolopolosia he Washington State University, ‘i ‘Amelika, he 2009 ta‘u. Na‘a ne tālanga mo taukave ko e faiva ‘a e tauhivā [keeping sociospatial relations as a performance art], ‘a ia ‘oku ne ngāue‘aki ‘a e fatongia ko e me‘angāue faka‘aati [socioeconomic obligation as an artistic device] hono tāfakatatau mo tāfakapotupotutatau ‘a e vā ke ma‘u ‘a e faka‘ofo‘ofa mo e mālie, ‘o ‘uhinga ki he vālelei, melino mo e fiefia. ‘Oku hangē tofu pē ‘eni ko hono ngāue‘aki ‘a e me‘angāue faka‘aati ko e mata‘itoki pē ava‘itoki, he tufunga langafale, mata‘ihui pē ava‘ihui, he nimamea‘a langaleisi, mo e heliaki he faiva ta‘anga mo e hā fua – ‘a ia ‘oku ou fokotu‘u atu ke mou ‘ahi’ahi lau ka faingālie].

Ta u toki hoko atu,
ANFF leva e malanga ka e tau,
‘Ofa fau mo e ‘ānau.